Politics of the Veil

 Mossuz-Lavau starts off saying how when she sees a women in the streets she feels "a pang of emotion" because the veil designated a women as a "source of sin and "as a potential whore." The crux of her argument is that the law to ban headscarves will not “liberate” Muslim women. She feels like women are getting their sexual freedom taken away.  Sexual liberation could only come free modern day ideas and educated women. "The only ones who transgressed [Islamic] norms and who had sexual relations before marriage were students and managers with advanced degrees” (163) She doesn't think that women need to wear head scarfs. She argues that women that are educated can make more of their own choices and women that are not educated, do not have as much as sexual freedom. She believes that women need to be hidden away for their husbands, or their future husbands. It has been a topic of discussion where women feel that western society women are whores because they don't cover themselves up.

Veil restrictions

I think this argument is valid because as she conducted her own research it was evident that women that were educated partook in sexual activities before marriage. She saw the difference in a women that has a headscarf on and one that didn't wear one. She saw as one walked by the restrictions just because they had a veil on. By providing women with education, they will go a lot further in life and have their own mind set. Forbidding women from wearing headscarves is an infringement of their freedom. Education can come in handy for many reasons, women are subject to more restrictions just because of their gender and it has build a bigger gap between women and men.

Women in Islam

The idea of "Westernizing" Muslim Women is a difficult one to entirely wrap your mind around. Keeping in mind that Muslim women/women in Islam are entitled to their freedom of religion, it is a tough place to be in to suggest they change their ways.

"A woman is to be treated as God has endowed her, with rights, such as to be treated as an individual, with the right to own and dispose of her own property and earnings, enter into contracts, even after marriage. She has the right to be educated and to work outside the home if she so chooses. She has the right to inherit from her father, mother, and husband. A very interesting point to note is that in Islam, unlike any other religion, a woman can be an imam, a leader of communal prayer, for a group of women." (IW)

It is easy to understand that multiple cultures have issues with the treatment of Muslim women. Many of their practices seem completely taboo or even inhumane to cultures viewing the issues from the outside, but I believe there are many parts of the religion that are not seen in the correct light, but instead as a stereotype from the other cultures. 

"Before marriage, a woman has the right to choose her husband. Islamic law is very strict regarding the necessity of having the woman's consent for marriage. The groom gives a marriage dowry to the bride for her own personal use. She keeps her own family name, rather than taking her husband's. As a wife, a woman has the right to be supported by her husband even if she is already rich. She also has the right to seek divorce and custody of young children. She does not return the dowry, except in a few unusual situations." (IW)

A huge issue that we face today as a civilization is following the stereotypes and what we believe bro be true of others, without actually learning about people that differ from us. If we were to take the effort to understand other cultures and learn about them instead of believing preconceived notions, we would hear a much higher rate of acceptance. Tension is created when we start believing our culture has better values and norms than others.

"Despite the fact that in many places and times Muslim communities have not always adhered to all or even many of the foregoing in practice, the ideal has been there for 1,400 years, while virtually all other major civilizations did not begin to address these issues or change their negative attitudes until the 19th and 20th centuries, and there are still many contemporary civilizations which have yet to do so." (IW)

I attached a link to a very interesting Ted talk on the subject
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=FETryXMpDl8You

Sources-
IslamWomen.com

Politics of the Veil

In her book, Politics of the Veil, Joan Wallach Scott explores the meanings and controversies surrounding the headdress of Muslim women in European society, specifically focusing on France. The catalyst for her book was in 2004 when the French government banned girls from wearing headscarves in public schools, which in turn spurred intense tension between Muslim women and French society.  While the law may have started as an attempt to maintain secularism in schools and assimilate Muslim girls into the norms of French society, many view it as an attack on Muslims, their religion, and culture.

Ruth O'Brien, in the book's foreword, details how the French ban of veils in schools sparked hostilities on both sides of the playing field. She writes that "80 percent of Muslims now feel harassed and discriminated against," a figure that is increasing (viii). Muslims feel as if they are under attack by the French government and society, which, as O'Brien describes, can fuel the extremist fire. Fundamentalist Muslims are using this ban to support their cause and rally their forces. As France is home to the largest Muslim population in Europe, when news of the headscarves ban spread to the East, their was a fervent outcry. The European Union subsequently issued an effort to monitor and evaluate the anti-discrimination policies in place in France and other countries to integrate Muslim women into European society. The study was titled VEIL, which stood for Values, Equality and Differences in Liberal Democracies (viii). However, O'Brien deems that this effort was loosely rooted an unhelpful, as policies that emphasized differences continued to flourish in Europe.

                         (Image courtesy of http://www.fhi.duke.edu/events/politics-veil-panel)

Politics of the Veil helps readers recognize and understand how the French law banning headscarves  exacerbated the problem of integrating Muslims into French society. Wallach Scott detailed how French government and society view the headscarf (hijab) as "the ultimate symbol of Islam's resistance to modernity" (p. 2). And while the legislation encompassed other religious items and adornments, the brunt of its weight was felt by Muslim women and girls. The law was created for the ban in French public schools, however, many French people took the law to heart, deeming it was a legal to wear a headscarf anywhere. Muslim women across France suffered discrimination from multiple entities, and were often denied services, such as naturalization or marriage (p. 179). Rather than making Muslim women feel more included in French society, the law has caused feelings of difference and discrimination. It serves as a constant reminder that their religion doesn't align with French law. Banning headscarves is interpreted as banning Muslim religion from French society, and it will continue to highlight differences and cause tensions in the country.

Morocco Sex Trafficking

Sex trafficking and sex slavery seem like problems that are far, far away from the every day life that we live here in the United States. Unfortunately, sex slavery is an issue that occurs right under our noses in even our own country. Morocco is not exempt from these issues, as it faces its’ own issues with sex trafficking.

“Morocco is a source, destination, and transit country for men, women, and children who are subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking. Some Moroccan girls from rural areas as young as six or seven years old are recruited to work as maids in cities and often experience conditions of forced labor, such as nonpayment of wages, threats, restrictions on movement, and physical, psychological, or sexual abuse; however, an NGO reports that the incidence of child maids has decreased since 2005, in part due to government-funded programs promoted in primary school, especially in rural areas, and awareness programs funded by UN agencies and NGOs.” (U.S. Department of State)

Born Free does address the issue of human trafficking. “The Outcome Document explicitly calls for eliminating “trafficking” in several places. Under proposed goal five -- “Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls” -- the drafters call for the end of trafficking of women and girls. Under proposed goal eight -- “Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all” -- the document urges the end of the trafficking of children, including child soldiers, by 2025.”(Mendelson)

Mendelson makes good points about the attempts to slow human trafficking. Subgoals have been created to have knock-off effects, including providing legal identity and sustainable tourism. “People without legal identities are more vulnerable to victimization in general and to being trafficked specifically. Meanwhile, the tourism and transportation industries have been important partners in combating trafficking.”(Mendelson)

To combat human trafficking, one of the best practices is to know and understand the red flags of human trafficking. Knowledge is key in the protection of yourself and others. It is important to understand the red flags on how to identify a victim. There are classes and training sessions available for individuals and businesses to take to learn how to identify these factors. “Human trafficking is a hidden crime, and the first step to combating it is to identify victims so they can be rescued and help bring their perpetrators to justice. The Department of State’s TIP Office, in collaboration with the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) has developed awareness and training materials to help increase awareness and educate on the indicators of human trafficking.” (U.S. Department of State)

Human trafficking may not come to an end in our lifetime, or in anyone in Morocco’s lifetime, but by taking proper precautions and educating yourself, we can see a slow to it.

Mendelson, S. (n.d.). How to Prevent Human Traffiking. In Born Free.

Morocco. (n.d.). Retrieved November 19, 2015, from http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2013/215523.htm

Sex Trafficking Egypt

Key location and routes

"The local dimension of human trafficking includes child labor, the sexual exploitation of children, the sale of human organs as well as various forms of prostitution. The Issue has now become a major topic of concern for social scientists, police and law-enforcement authorities as well as rehabilitation centers" Each year about one million children between the age of seven and twelve are hired in Egypt. These children are exposed to terrible conditions and are slaves to thier owners. Egyptian women and girls are purchased for temporary or summer. The deals are usually facilitated by family who profit from these deals. Despite Egyptian Anti-Trafficking Law 64 criminalizes the offence of trafficking and provides for the appropriate protective measures for victims. The National Council for Childhood and Motherhood (NCCM) has established some referral framework for those who know or are being trafficked to call a hot line. Unfortunately many of these practices have not been taken serious enough to make an impact and these acts are still happening in Egypt.

Born Free by Mendelson talks about the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Mendelson talks about the challenges of buying and selling if humans which is a big business, yet not much is being done about it to help end the issue. Since 2000 the UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) has been organized to get as close as possible to help coordinate activities, it has been difficult to get donation as they only have made 16 million dollars from 2002 to 2012. Trafficking is clearly not a global concern “We are not interested in trafficking” or “We do not work on it”The proposed five goals that are drafted does include the ending of human trafficking. drafters call for the end of trafficking of women and girls. Under proposed goal eight the document urges the end of the trafficking of children, including child soldiers, by 2025. There are sub goals that have nothing to do with trafficking but can be a trigger effects. These are “provid[ing] legal identity for all including birth registration,” promoting “sustainable tourism,” and “sustainable transport systems" People that so not have legal identity documentation are at more risk to get lost in the process. Tourism has been a big partner is attacking women or children as they are in an unfamiliar territory and making them a targeted victim. Transport systems have also been the middle men in combating humans into the violation of ones human rights. Mendelson says how 17 main goals and 169 subgoals is not a done deal and with the UN has also adopted protocols. These regulations will take time and much needed action. The language in the document is key in making a difference and getting donations.


Egypt along with other counties has made laws but doesn't act on it. Human Trafficking makes so much money, that it should be an issue. Many don't see this like they see global hunger. Human trafficking effects the the women, men and children of the world. This is a major violation of human rights but many choose to disregard the sad facts and truths. If it can be seen globally as an issue, actions can be taken but if no major actions are taken it will continue to get worse.

The Problem of Human Trafficking in Syria

Human trafficking is one of the largest issues our world must face in the coming years. While accurate global statistics are lacking on this subject, it is still estimated that human trafficking is second only to drug trafficking as a source of illegal income worldwide. Due to the lack of reports and research in the area, it is difficult to accurately determine the number of victims of human trafficking, but some reports estimate that nearly 21 million people are victims of forced labor across the globe, and that nearly 60% of those victims are victims of sexual exploitation. Other reports estimate that somewhere between 1.2 million and 2 million children are victims of human trafficking each year. These numbers are outrageous in an age where a vast majority of people agree that slavery and the sexual exploitation of anyone, especially children, is an egregious violation of human rights. 

A child soldier in Syria

In Syria, the problem of human trafficking is a very serious one. In the 2015 Trafficking in Persons Report, the U.S. Dept. of State ranked Syria as a Tier 3 country, the lowest ranking there is. The report states that as the civil war continues, the incidences of human trafficking have increased. With around half of the pre-war population having been displaced, and over 4 million of them fleeing the country as refugees, there remains a very large population of Syrians inside and outside the Syrian borders that are extremely vulnerable to human traffickers. Offenses are committed by nearly all the actors of the war, including the Syrian army, who “forcibly recruit[s] boys, some as young as 6 years old,” to participate in the war. The rebel groups, such as ISIL, are even worse. The U.S. Dept. of State report cites several offenses by ISIL, including the capture and sale of 30 Christian women into sex slavery, forced marriages between Syrian girls and Islamic State fighters, the sale of abducted women into sex trafficking rings, as well as the recruitment and use of child soldiers, who ISIL call “Cubs of the Caliphate”, and actively deploy into hostile engagements. ISIL operates training camps designed to instruct child soldiers on the use of weapons, as well as to train them as suicide bombers. Other groups actively abduct women and children to be used in prisoner exchanges. In addition to this internal population, many of the Syrian refugees are at risk of becoming human trafficking victims as well. With many routes taken from the country controlled by gangs and criminals, these refugees are at an increased risk of becoming victims of trafficking. Some reports mention incidences of Syrian women and children being sold into prostitution rings in Lebanon and Turkey, where a majority of the Syrian refugees reside. Many others have become victims of forced labor in begging rings or the agricultural sector.  

ISIL Trained Child Soldiers

With human trafficking as rampant as it is today, especially in poor and struggling countries, the necessity of a coordinated response continues to grow larger. In her article, Sarah E. Mendelson argues that this effort would be much stronger with an active dedication to the cause in the Sustainable Development Goals, which are set to replace the Millennium Development Goals in 2016. She cites several mentions of human trafficking in the sub-goals of the SDGs, and says that if they remain in the completed version of the goals, that organizations working in the countries of issue will have a greater motivation to address the problem of human trafficking. I tend to agree with that sentiment. I believe the issue of human trafficking across the globe is one that will require a concerted effort from many governments and organizations to address properly, and with the Sustainable Development Goals calling on global organizations to address the issue, I believe they are more likely to begin working towards the goal of eradicating the problem entirely. Though that goal may be out of sight today, with a coordinated effort across the globe, it could become attainable within our lifetime.

Sex Trafficking in Iran

According to the United State's Department of State's 2015 Trafficking in Persons report, Iran is not taking the necessary actions to combat and eliminate human trafficking within its borders. The Iranian government has failed to provide sufficient information on its anti-trafficking measures, which has been a problem in previous years. While it is difficult for the U.S. to obtain reliable information the issue, it is known that human trafficking is increasing in the country. In specific regards to sex trafficking and sex slavery, it is a rampant problem in Iran. The US 2015 Report indicated that from 2009-2015, there was an increase in the number of girls who were being transported through Iran to the Gulf, with the purpose of selling them into marriage or prostitution (The Iran Primer). Specifically in the cities of Tehran, Tabriz, and Astara, there is a high concentration of teenage girls that are forced into prostitution. Past reports indicated that even some government officials played a part in the problem. It was rumored that some officials were “operating shelters for runaway girls and forced them into prostitution rings (The Iran Primer). For these reasons, the U.S.’s most recent report has given Iran a “Tier 3” ranking, which is the lowest ranking a country can receive. Clearly, much work needs to be initiated in Iran to eliminate the issue of sex trafficking.

Read more from the report here: http://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/2015/jul/27/us-report-human-trafficking-iran

(Victims of human trafficking in Iran, courtesy of http://neobservatory.org/wpcontent/uploads/2013/04/4a0455546.jpg)

Sarah E. Mendelson, in her article Born Free, details the presence of human trafficking across the globe, and how not enough is being done by governments and NGO's to address and eradicate the problem. With a world that is ridden with evils and wrongdoings, it is unfortunate that issues have to compete for attention and aid. Mendelson explains how since 2000, the United Nations has agreed upon Millennium Development Goals, which are goals that have billions of donor dollars allocated to their cause. However, the author goes on to say that the MDGs excluded human trafficking from their list of priorities, which led to many monetary donors and organizations to ignore the issue as well. Mendelson says that if human trafficking was included in the MDG's back in 2000, "development agencies would have dedicated staff to the issue and more foundations would be investing in solutions to this complex development challenge"(2014, p.2). For 2015, the UN is drafting a new set of goals, which will be called the Sustainable Development Goals. This, Mendelson says, shines a ray of hope on solving the human trafficking issue. The article says that President Barack Obama labeled human trafficking as "one of the great human rights causes of our time." The Outcome Document is what outlines the international community's greatest causes. Human trafficking is mentioned in the document through the context of various other goals. For example, Mendelson states that the Document's prosed goal five calls for achieving greater gender equality and empowerment among women and girls, which according to the Document's authors, requires the elimination of trafficking for these two groups(Mendelson, 2014, p.4). Mendelson hopes that such language in the document will stick and allow for groups to finally allocate the necessary staff and resources to addressing trafficking.
For Iran, the U.S.'s  2015 Report provides recommendations for how to effectively start combating human trafficking in the country. Suggestions include increasing the transparency of anti-trafficking policies and creating partnerships with international organizations that work to eliminate trafficking. Iran will need to do a better job or investigating sex trafficking cases, and convicting offenders (The Iran Primer). The government would also need to implement an effective program to identify the victims of trafficking and provide them with medical, legal, and psychological support.
While human trafficking is a horrendous human rights issue today, I believe that if countries and governments collaborate effectively to implement heavier enforcement and prosecution of offenders and provide substantial aid to victims, that change is possible.